Compare Jan Mayen (2001) - Tuvalu (2003)

This desolate, mountainous island was named after a Dutch whaling captain who indisputably discovered it in 1614 (earlier claims are inconclusive). Visited only occasionally by seal hunters and trappers over the following centuries, the island came under Norwegian sovereignty in 1929. The long dormant Beerenberg volcano resumed activity in 1970; it is the northernmost active volcano on earth.

In 1974, ethnic differences within the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands caused the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands. The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name ".tv" for $50 million in royalties over the next dozen years.

Birth rate

-

21.58 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Budget

-

revenues: $22.5 million

expenditures: $11.2 million, including capital expenditures of $4.2 million (2000 est.)

Capital

-

Funafuti

Climate

arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Coastline

124.1 km

24 km

Constitution

-

1 October 1978

Country name

conventional long form:
none

conventional short form:
Jan Mayen

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Tuvalu

former: Ellice Islands

note: "Tuvalu" means "group of eight," referring to the country's eight traditionally inhabited islands

Currency

-

Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar

Death rate

-

7.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Debt - external

-

$NA

Dependency status

territory of Norway; administered from Oslo through a governor (sysselmann) resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard); however, authority has been delegated to a station commander of the Norwegian Defense Communication Service

-

Diplomatic representation from the US

-

the US does not have an embassy in Tuvalu; the US ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tuvalu

Diplomatic representation in the US

-

Tuvalu does not have an embassy in the US - the country's only diplomatic post is in Fiji - Tuvalu does, however, have a UN office located at 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400D, New York, New York 10017, telephone: [1] (212) 490-0534

Disputes - international

none

Economic aid - recipient

-

$13 million ; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and the US (1999 est.)

Economy - overview

Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations located on the island.

Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. Fewer than 1,000 tourists, on average, visit Tuvalu annually. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. About 1,000 Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. Nauru has begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however, as phosphate resources decline. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise investments and conservative withdrawals, this Fund has grown from an initial $17 million to over $35 million in 1999. The US government is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu, because of payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries. In an effort to reduce its dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector reforms, including privatization of some government functions and personnel cuts of up to 7%. In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from use of its area code for "900" lines and in 2000, from the lease of its ".tv" Internet domain name. Royalties from these new technology sources could increase substantially over the next decade. With merchandise exports only a fraction of merchandise imports, continued reliance must be placed on fishing and telecommunications license fees, remittances from overseas workers, official transfers, and investment income from overseas assets.

Electricity - production by source

-

fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Elevation extremes

lowest point:
Norwegian Sea 0 m

highest point:
Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg 2,277 m

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Environment - current issues

NA

since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's underground water table; in 2000, the government appealed to Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels should make evacuation necessary

Environment - international agreements

-

party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

Ethnic groups

-

Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Exchange rates

-

Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.8406 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)

Executive branch

-

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Faimalaga LUKA (since 9 September 2003)

head of government: Prime Minister Saufatu SOPOANGA (since 2 August 2002)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members of Parliament; election last held 2 August 2002 (next to be held NA)

election results: Saufatu SOPOANGA elected prime minister; Parliamentary vote - Saufatu SOPOANGA 8, Amasone KILEI 7

Exports

-

$276,000 f.o.b. (1997)

Exports - commodities

-

copra, fish

Exports - partners

-

UK 58.3%, Italy 16.7%, Denmark 8.3%, Fiji 8.3% (2002)

Fiscal year

-

calendar year

Flag description

the flag of Norway is used

light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

GDP

-

purchasing power parity - $12.2 million (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

-

agriculture: NA%

industry: NA%

services: NA%

GDP - per capita

-

purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

-

3% (2000 est.)

Geographic coordinates

71 00 N, 8 00 W

8 00 S, 178 00 E

Geography - note

barren volcanic island with some moss and grass

one of the smallest and most remote countries on Earth; six of the coral atolls - Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, and Nukulaelae - have lagoons open to the ocean; Nanumaya and Niutao have landlocked lagoons; Niulakita does not have a lagoon

Highways

-

total: 8 km

paved: 0 km

unpaved: 8 km (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

-

lowest 10%: NA%

highest 10%: NA%

Imports

-

$7.2 million c.i.f. (1998)

Imports - commodities

-

food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods

Imports - partners

-

Hungary 68.2%, Japan 12.9%, Fiji 11.9% (2002)

Independence

-

1 October 1978 (from UK)

Industrial production growth rate

-

NA%

Industries

-

fishing, tourism, copra

Infant mortality rate

-

total: 21.34 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 24.35 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 18.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

-

5% (2000 est.)

International organization participation

-

ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IFRCS (associate), ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTrO (applicant)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

13 (Jan Mayen and Svalbard) (2000)

1 (2000)

Irrigated land

0 sq km (1993)

NA sq km

Judicial branch

-

High Court (a chief justice visits twice a year to preside over its sessions; its rulings can be appealed to the Court of Appeal in Fiji); eight Island Courts (with limited jurisdiction)

Labor force

-

7,000 (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

-

people make a living mainly through exploitation of the sea, reefs, and atolls and from wages sent home by those abroad (mostly workers in the phosphate industry and sailors)

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

arable land:
0%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
0%

other:
100%

arable land: 0%

permanent crops: 0%

other: 100% (1998 est.)

Languages

-

Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)

Legal system

the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

NA

Legislative branch

-

unicameral Parliament or Fale I Fono, also called House of Assembly (15 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections: last held 25 July 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)

election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 15

Life expectancy at birth

-

total population: 67.32 years

male: 65.15 years

female: 69.59 years (2003 est.)

Literacy

-

definition: NA%

total population: NA%

male: NA%

female: NA%

Location

Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea, northeast of Iceland

Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Map references

Arctic Region

Oceania

Maritime claims

contiguous zone:
10 NM

continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
4 NM

contiguous zone: 24 NM

exclusive economic zone: 200 NM

territorial sea: 12 NM

Merchant marine

-

total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 33,199 GRT/56,187 DWT

ships by type: cargo 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Germany 5 (2002 est.)

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of Norway

-

Military branches

-

no regular military forces; Police Force (includes Maritime Surveillance Unit for search and rescue missions and surveillance operations)

Military expenditures - dollar figure

-

$NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

-

NA%

National holiday

-

Independence Day, 1 October (1978)

Nationality

-

noun: Tuvaluan(s)

adjective: Tuvaluan

Natural hazards

dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic activity resumed in 1970

severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level

Natural resources

none

fish

Net migration rate

-

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Political parties and leaders

-

there are no political parties but members of Parliament usually align themselves in informal groupings

Political pressure groups and leaders

-

none

Population

no indigenous inhabitants

note:
there are personnel who operate the Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base and the weather and coastal services radio station (July 2001 est.)

11,305 (July 2003 est.)

Population below poverty line

-

NA%

Population growth rate

-

1.42% (2003 est.)

Ports and harbors

none; offshore anchorage only

Funafuti, Nukufetau

Radio broadcast stations

AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

note:
there is one radio and meteorological station (1998)

AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1999)

Railways

-

0 km

Religions

-

Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%

Sex ratio

-

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

Suffrage

-

18 years of age; universal

Telephone system

-

general assessment: serves particular needs for internal communications

domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands

international: NA

Telephones - main lines in use

-

1,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular

-

0 (1994)